Tim Tate writes about the tenets of "Glass Secessionism".
I write this article in an effort to
change your thinking about contemporary glass art. In the following pages, I compare and
contrast the changes that 50 years of Studio Glass have produced. My beliefs
come from my focus on the artist retreat models, such as Penland, Pilchuck, Corning, Haystack, Etc.
This focus was a result of not being in academia. I did not have the
resources that would allow me to pursue an MFA. My energies were thrust upon
those institutions that catered to working artists. These art retreats were my
training ground.
The evidence supporting my claims comes mostly from my own
experiences and observations as a practicing sculptural glass artist, including
10 years showing only in sculptural fine art settings and then crossing over to
the glass gallery world. At this point, I straddle the line between these
worlds. Half the galleries that represent my work are glass galleries, half are
fine art galleries.
My premise is that to succeed in glass in the 21st
century, we have to secede from 20th Century founded Studio Glass. The
Studio Glass model was firmly in place. It was time to integrate into the Fine Art World. What we needed was a
bridge between these two worlds, to assist in this transition which was coming
so very quickly.
"Glass
Secessionism" is firmly rooted in the historical precedent of Photo Secession,
and that movement provides a template for organizing our nascent movement. Like
the Photo Secession, we are moving away from the technique-dominated culture of
studio glass. We respect good technique, and understand its importance in
creating great art from glass. However, we believe that great art should be
driven primarily by artistic vision, and technique should facilitate the
vision. For too long, technique has driven the majority of studio glass. As
Secessionists we do not seek to isolate ourselves from other artists working in
glass, but to enhance the field as a whole.
In many ways, I agree with Stieglitz’s deeply
critical view of what he understood to be the rampant conventionality,
conformity, and institutionalization of the photography field in the early 20th century. It was said that Steigletz wanted to secede
from “artwork that had gone stale through the copying of Victorian,
conventional styles, but more importantly from the dictatorship of the
entrenched institutions, galleries, art schools and professional art
organizations that enforced or at very least sanctioned copying or
imitation." In my perhaps isolated world this seemed to hold great
similarity to what I saw happening in glass in the beginning of the 21st
century. I saw it, but those artists still involved heavily in that aesthetic
seemed not to.
The modern history of glass is unfolding before our eyes.
Before glass became more accessible in this country, you usually had to work in
a glass production factory to have contact with glass. Slowly, in the 60's and
70's, schools and individuals started to proliferate and glass began to emerge
to a larger population to experiment with. In those early days, American glass
artists seemed to have an insecurity regarding our place in the glass world, so
there was a huge focus on Venetian blowing techniques. This focus was perhaps
more in the artists retreats than MFA programs, which produced many exceptions.
RISD seemed to lead the way in idea driven glass, but most people did not learn
glass from the MFA programs. Glass Secessionism seems to be driven not just by MFA
programs but from younger artists looking for a voice of their own, not
connected to a distinct glass history. I believe most learned in small studios
and artists retreats, just as I did.
As more people got exposed to glass, things began to
progress. By the 80's and the early 90's we not only became as good in
technique as the Venetians, it seemed we frequently surpassed them. There were
some amazing stand-out artists who had mastered technique, then took that
technique and developed compelling narrative sculptural work. There were far
more who focused on perfecting that technique in the Venetian tradition and
focused primarily on vessels and the indirect narrative implied within the
material. This is a viable and valuable path, if that was your interest and hot
glass was readily available to you. The closest hot glass available outside of
academia to me was Penland School of Crafts. Accordingly, during this same time
period, schools like Pilchuck and
Penland mostly focused on teaching hot glass classes and techniques, as it is
much less concrete to teach ideas.
However, many began
to push the reigning concepts and methods further. In many MFA programs the insecurity of
exploration was gone, replaced by a desire to take glass further—to not be the
second best goblet maker, as so many had in the previous period of Venetian
technical hegemony.
 |
| Garth Clark at the 2008 lecture. |
The person who made the most sense to me was Garth
Clark. In his now infamous 2008 lecture at the Portland Museum of Contemporary Craft, he finally voiced what I
had felt for sometime: that the arts and craft movement, having reigned for 150
years, died forever in the mid 1990's. It died of "art envy.” No one
wanted to be a craftsman anymore...everyone wanted to be an artist.Add to this the fact that in the 1990's collectors and galleries remained tied to a type, price point, and aesthetic.
 |
| Catalog of "Compelled by Content" |
By 2005, there was a small but intellectually and aesthetically exciting group
of artists producing narrative work, many of it showcased in a
show I curated entitled, “Compelled by Content.” This conceptually derived focus seems to be a central part of what I term “Glass Secessionism.”
I define this as ideas and concepts that exist autonomously
from their own materiality. There were a few magnificent examples of newer artists using narrative.
(narrative artists such as Christina Bothwell, Michael Rogers, Carmen Lozar, De
La Torre Brothers, Susan Taylor Glasgow, etc). These were the types of artists
I looked up to. Even within artist retreat venues, these artists were a
minority and rare. But at least I felt there were others like me.
Glass artists began to move
out of their disciplinary confines and began draw from multiple media and
disciplines. One group that also seceded
was the Hyperopia Projects. They summed this movement up by writing that, “…we
do not fit comfortably into glass, sculpture or new media, but draw from all of them. Our interests and practices are between disciplines
and media. We seek to support a longer view of where glass is headed—where the
identity of glass may be intermingled with the larger world of contemporary
art. Our efforts are also a direct call to action for our peers
to continue paving this path—dissolving and redrawing our boundaries along the
way”. Many artists around the country were coming to this same realization. There had certainly been other attempts to find a model out of Studio Glass.
By the 21st century, warm glass and kiln forming had found
its following. Formerly frequently dismissed as the art form of non-serious
hobbyists, many great narrative sculptors were emerging.
These days in MFA programs around the country, you
are unlikely to find a technique driven
glass artist.....if you can even find anyone who still calls themselves a glass
artist. Mixed media, conceptual and performance dominate those artists, and
also dominate many private schools such as ours....and certainly other private
artists as well.
The problems began when I tried to exhibit work, and
it wasn’t just glass galleries.
I would knock on doors of fine art galleries and
museums at the time, to show them my work. They all said similar things. The
work is great, but its glass. The Smithsonian Hirshhorn Museum even had a curator that had a "no glass" policy. They
would continually send me back to the glass galleries, who would say "You can
have the most spectacular work of glass ever made, but if you don’t have a
reputation, my collectors won't buy it.” (an actual quote). I was caught in a difficult place, as many 21st
glass sculptors were. Fine art galleries were frequently not showing glass; and
glass galleries were frequently not showing emerging glass sculptors.
What was an artist supposed to do? When I mentioned my frustration to Paul Parkman, a noted glass enthusiast and founder of many glass organizations, he said, "Well... if they are not noticing your work, do something they can't ignore". This became my mantra. As Bill T Jones
once said; “Art is what is made when you push back.” The artists who originally
founded Studio Glass pushed back in their time. Now it was my turn. I believed
that for glass to be taken seriously in the broader fine art world, then we had
to secede. Only by seceding would we succeed. If the glass world wasn’t going
to recognize us, then what choice did we have?
There are a number of facets of the glass world I
purposefully seceded from:
·
A technique
driven glass world. A vessel-centric dialogue.
·
The dominance of
40 artists who began studio glass, but frequently stagnated into replication or
were knocked off so frequently that it was hard to tell the knock off from the
original. I was in awe of many of these magnificent artists, but also saw many
great artists who received little or no recognition.
·
The continual
tedious discussion of the faulty “art vs craft” binary.
·
To yet another
magazine cover of the same glass artists again and again. (not that they didn’t
deserve them…I just felt that others did as well). The predictability of who I
would see inside, who would curate, show, and applaud the art. To see yet
another variation of a select few artists work and their view of the world.
·
From the way glass was discussed, thought about, collected,
made, exhibited, and seen around the world.
·
From the absence of 21st century
technologies, including video,
electronics, digital art and time based media and art forms .
One of
the major reasons I seceded was to embrace, mentor, and nurture younger artists
breaking new ground. I understand this
to be encouraging new directions of glass outside the traditional craft
world. To embrace what I saw beginning to happen with so
many younger and perhaps unrecognized artists; that they were not taken as
seriously as the established artists.
This has been taken as disrespect. Nothing could be
further from the truth. I grew up as an artist in that glass world. I have
nothing but respect and admiration for those amazing artists who founded the
Studio Glass movement. We all stand upon their shoulders.
In this country, collectors seemed to drive the
movement. When an artist came up with a form that some people liked, the
collector consciousness wanted them. An artist was frequently in a position
that if they wanted to economically succeed, he or she had to replicate a
particular form with subtle variations over and over. Collectors and
the institutions that controlled the studio glass movement unconsciously
stifled artistic exploration and creativity while also encouraging other
aspects. So
different from the glass artists in other countries.
If the economics of Studio Glass had not taken over,
I believe even the great founders would have experimented more themselves.
Would Toots Zynsky have made variations of the same bowl form for so many decades?
After seeing her RISD work from 40 years ago, I doubt it. I mean no disrespect
towards Toots. I love her work and am
just using this as an example to make what I believe to be a salient point. However, such a contention is often
interpreted as disrespect. Does daring
to question the established base automatically imply disrespect?
 |
| Toots Zynsky, 1990 Toots Zynsky 2010 |
It should be kept remembered that the
founders of studio were certainly secessionists in their own times and in their
own right.
Does this mean that we no longer value Studio Glass
or Post Studio Glass (work that builds on the techniques and aesthetics of 20th
century vessels)? Not at all. There will always be a place for these wondrous
objects and their makers. I am suggesting that they will not figure as
prominently in the 21st century as in the 20th century. I
know this makes people very angry. That is certainly not my intent. I am merely trying to map the landscape of
shifts that characterize the contemporary post-modern glass world. As more shifts occur, the less likely it will
be that our current Studio Glass and Post-Studio Glass frames of reference will
maintain the authority they still have in the current period.
By the
2000’s the preponderance of work within those venues shifted, until there was
now much more secessionist type work than vessel-related or technique-driven
work. This shift was perhaps led by the
MFA programs, but embraced by younger artists in every setting. There you would be hard pressed to find
anyone working in vessel forms or willing to call themselves a glass artist.
Perhaps this new type of self-identity was the cause. A new identity began to
appear—or rather, the old identity of "glass artist" began to erode. The new identity took on an anti-identity
facet—it refused to be pinned down by schools or mediums or forms. I believe this is a part of the secessionist
movement.
So,
What are the boundaries of Glass Secessionism?
·
It
is not studio glass, though there were many roots and seeds of this movement found
in studio glass.
·
Glass
tends to be only one component in a mixed media sculpture.
·
It
is not in the form of a vessel.
·
Time-based
media involving glass will become more and more important as technology
continues to progress. Time based media such as sound, video, performance. As
electronics improve and become readily available, including software
development, this glass art form will flourish.
·
Large-scale
conceptual installations. These
conceptual installations will also gain prominence in the museum world. The
production of space—rather than the mere filling of it or accommodation to
it—is a distinctive conceptual shift from the Glass Studio period.
·
It
tends to start with an idea or concept rather than perfecting or exploring a
technique.
·
Is
not in the form of abstract expressionism.
·
Glass Secessionism reconfigures performance.
Performance art in the Studio Glass era was about the drama
of the artist making work in the studio. Performance art in the Secessionist era usually starts with an idea
other than the making of an object. This will be one of the fastest growing
areas of Glass Ssecessionism; mostly due to fact that advances in video technology and
social media allows for almost instant records of performance to be shared,
distributed and discussed.
· Glass Secessionism
takes place within, and often actively supports, the increasing erosion of the
ownership of art, according to William Warmus on this topic. Objects were made to be exhibited and collected in the studio
glass era. In the Secessionist era, while there will still be a love of well
made objects, some objects will be considered the property of the collective
culture. They will be reproduced digitally, shared, float around, come together
as an exhibition or collection, split apart. This will challenge the artist as
to how to make a living, and museums will have to reconsider the idea of
ownership. This is not just in the glass world, but in the art world as a
whole. This will be particularly true of performance.
·
Architecture
is increasingly an important component of secessionism. However, the technical expertise and expert
knowledge it requires will make collecting it, or even talking about it, will
remain problematic and awkward. For example, most people do not know how to
read floor plans. In this way,
secessionism has an internal contradiction: while it becomes increasingly
accessible in many other ways, it also assumes sculptural and architectural
elements which require certain types of technical knowledge and skill. Another point made by William Warmus.
·
It
tends to include a focus on narrative. I
define narrative as ideas and concepts that exist autonomously from their own
materiality.
Where are we going? Let me
suggest museum and gallery shows that would fit squarely into the 21st
Century and embrace the aesthetics of Glass Secessionism.
Museum
shows :
Figurative
Glass Dialogs in the 21st Century:
Sybylle
Perretti
Judith
Schaechter
Daniel Arsham
Angela Palmer
Also,
Embracing
Glass and New Media:
Tony
Oursler
Wang Yuyang
Clark
DeCapite Jr.
Gabe
Barcia-Colombo
Wayne
Garrett
Antony Gormley
In the next
few years, a Secessionist gallery will emerge. Who will they carry? I am
suggesting this stable of artists:
Mark Zirpel
Christina
Bothwell
Michael
Rogers
Rik Allen
Susan
Taylor Glasgow
Michael
Janis
Oben
Albright
Ivan Puig
Jeff Ballard
Jeffrey Sarmiento
Carmen
Lozar
Jeremy
Lepisto
Charlotte
Potter
Kohei Nawa
Andy Paiko
Micah Evans
Seth Fairweather
Christopher McElroy
Susan Silver Brown
Joshua Hershman
Jeff Zimmer
Jason Chakravarty
Right now
secessionist sculptors are spread over many venues, galleries and fairs. So
collectors seeking this type of work are just as scattered. When a gallery of
this type opens, it will crystallize this collector base as well. The gallery will become known for secessionist
work and will be ground zero for collectors to check first. Museums will begin having secession shows.
Glass will also slowly be absorbed into the fine art fairs such as the Art
Basel Miami sub fairs such as Art Miami and Miami Projects. The names above
will be the stars of such a movement. There are so many others ….please forgive
me if I had not gotten to you. I would love to hear of other examples of
Secessionist shows.
With all of these
thoughts in my head, I founded the Washington Glass School in 2001. The school
is firmly based in the tenets of Glass Secessionism. One of the reasons so many
glass artists who have graduated from this school feel that they have seceded
from nothing is because I founded that school.
They did not have to secede from anything because I already had. I
presented the school, classes and students to the way that I saw the glass
world. They frequently knew no other way.
Today
very few folks will stand up as self-described secessionists, partly because we
are still involved in the glass world.
At a deeper level, this dis-identification from any established identity
is, in itself, a facet of secessionism.
For me, while I certainly seceded in the 90's to show only in fine art
galleries, I was called back to the glass world in the 2000’s. I did not expect
this to happen. A widely respected curator told a group of collectors that I
represented the "future" of glass resulting in a prominent glass
gallery owner asking to carry my work. I was completely star struck, having grown up
in the glass world. To be a true secessionist I would have said "no" to both
parties and stayed in my fine art world. However, I had become well placed to
make the decision to become the "missing link"—to bridge both worlds
simultaneously. I have done that ever since.
Two
significant factors in this decision were economics and ego, I freely
admit. Nonetheless, my work always
differed from what I perceived as the dominance of technique-driven work. These
were my perceptions, based on years of my own experiences. But what else can an
artist react to? I would have been a much "purer" secessionist if I
also rejected the glass gallery system as well. I did not. I was still in awe
of it, as I am to this day. My rebellion came in the form of what I was making
and working on and a conscious distancing away from the vessels that even I had made
in the past.
Much of this paper was derived from comments made on the Glass Secessionism Facebook page - in particular from quotes or comments made by William Warmus, Patrick Blythe and Jennifer Scanlan.
Glass
Secessionism does not mark the death of Studio Glass. It makes it
stronger. It enhances it as it takes
prominence. It gives credit to those who went before. Honoring the early founders and utilizing all
that was learned from that is still the foundation of this movement. But honoring
does not excuse an art form from getting hackneyed and complacent. The solution
was to secede from just those forms that had become stale by repetition; that
is the part of Studio Glass we are pulling away from. In many ways, Glass Secessionism is putting glass back on the path it should have followed. It
encourages those areas of glass that had progressed over time and build heavily
upon them. It reveres those artists who advance the medium, taking chances
with new directions. In other words, we are not destroying the past, we are
constructing a future.
Tim Tate